Palynological and Sedimentary Responses to the Carnian Pluvial Episode in the Glamoč Area, Western Tethys

The Carnian stage (Late Triassic) represents a pivotal interval marked by major biotic innovations but is characterized by pronounced lithological shifts in Tethyan successions, limiting continuous palynological records across the Julian–Tuvalian substages. This study presents an integrated analysis of the Carnian succession in the Glamoč area (Bosnia and Herzegovina), combining high-resolution palynology with litho-, bio-, and chemostratigraphic methods to reconstruct depositional evolution and assess environmental responses to the Carnian Pluvial Episode (CPE). Three palynological assemblage zones were identified: (1) the Enzonalasporites–Partitisporites Zone (Julian II), characterized by diverse bisaccate pollen; (2) the Camerosporites-dominated Zone (Tuvalian I–II); and (3) the Granuloperculatipollenites–Classopollis Zone (Tuvalian III). These correspond to three lithological members reflecting a regressive trend from a hemipelagic basin to a restricted shallow-marine lagoon. Chemostratigraphic data reveal three negative carbon isotope excursions alongside elevated C/N ratios, indicating enhanced terrigenous input during the CPE. These perturbations are interpreted as driven by Large Igneous Province volcanism, which triggered global warming, intensified weathering, and disrupted marine nutrient stoichiometry. This study provides a key high-resolution record of CPE-related environmental dynamics in a Western Tethyan marginal basin.